Origin of Species-原文阅读、下载及全文检索

Origin of Species
Charles Darwin
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chapter i. variation under domestication

Causes of Variability	Effects of Habit and the use or disuse of Parts; Correlated Variation; Inheritance
Character of Domestic Varieties; Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species; Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species	Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon, Their Differences and Origin
Principles of Selection, anciently followed, their Effects	Unconscious Selection
Circumstances favourable to Man's power of Selection

chapter ii. variation under nature

Variability	Individual Differences
Doubtful species	Wide ranging, much diffused, and common species, vary most
Species of the larger genera in each country vary more frequently than the species of the smaller genera	Many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges.
Summary

chapter iii. struggle for existence

Its bearing on natural selection	The term, Struggle for Existence, used in a large sense
Geometrical ratio of increase	Nature of the checks to increase
Complex relations of all animals and plants to each other in the struggle for existence	Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species

chapter iv. natural selection; or the survival of the fittest

Natural Selection	Sexual Selection
Illustrations of the action of Natural Selection, or the survival of the fittest	On the Intercrossing of Individuals
Circumstances favourable for the production of new forms through Natural Selection	Extinction caused by Natural Selection
Divergence of Character	The Probable Effects of the Action of Natural Selection through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the Descendants of a Common Ancestor
On the degree to which Organisation tends to advance	Convergence of character
Summary

chapter v. laws of variation

Effects of changed conditions	Effects of the increased use and disuse of parts, as controlled by Natural Selection
Acclimatisation	Correlated variation
Compensation and economy of growth	Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised structures are variable
A part developed in any species in an extraordinary degree or manner, in comparison with the same part in allied species, tends to be highly variable	Specific characters more variable than generic characters
Secondary sexual characters variable	Distinct species present analogous variations, so that a variety of one species often assumes a character proper to an allied species, or reverts to some of the characters of an early progenitor
Summary

chapter vi. difficulties of the theory

Difficulties of the theory of descent with modification	Absence or rarity of transitional varieties
On the origin and transition of organic beings with peculiar habits and structure	Organs of extreme perfection and complication
Modes of transition	Special difficulties of the theory of Natural Selection
Organs of little apparent importance, as affected by Natural Selection	Utilitarian doctrine, how far true: Beauty, how acquired
Summary

chapter vii

chapter viii. instinct

Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin	Inherited changes of habit or instinct in domesticated animals
Special instincts; Instincts of the cuckoo	Slave-making instinct
Cell-making instinct of the hive-bee	Objections to the theory of natural selection as applied to instincts: neuter and sterile insects
Summary

chapter ix. hybridism

Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids	Degrees of sterility
Laws governing the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids	Origin and causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids
Reciprocal dimorphism and trimorphism	Fertility of varieties when crossed and of their mongrel offspring not universal
Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fertility	Summary of Chapter

chapter x. on the imperfection of the geological record

On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day	On the lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of denudation and of deposition
On the poorness of our palaeontological collections	On the absence of numerous intermediate varieties in any single formation
On the sudden appearance of whole groups of allied species	On the sudden appearance of groups of allied species in the lowest known fossiliferous strata

chapter xi. on the geological succession of organic beings

On the slow and successive appearance of new species	On extinction
On the forms of life changing almost simultaneously throughout the world	On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species
On the state of development of ancient compared with living forms	On the succession of the same types within the same areas, during the later Tertiary Periods.
Summary of preceding and present chapter

chapter xii. geographical distribution

Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions	Single centres of supposed creation
Means of dispersal	Dispersal during the Glacial period
Alternate Glacial periods in the north and south

chapter xiii. geographical distribution -- continued

Distribution of fresh-water productions	On the inhabitants of oceanic islands
Absence of Batrachians and terrestrial Mammals on oceanic islands	On the relation of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland
Summary of the last and present chapter

chapter xiv. mutual affinities of organic beings: morphology -- embryology -- rudimentary organs

Classification	Analogical resemblances
On the nature of the affinities connecting organic beings	Morphology
Development and embryology	Rudimentary, atrophied, and aborted organs
Summary

chapter xv