_ PART I. THE PLANT-LORE OF SHAKESPEARE
CARNATIONS, CARRAWAYS, CARROT
CARNATIONS.
(1) Perdita.
The fairest flowers o' the season
Are our Carnations and streak'd Gillyvors,
Which some call Nature's bastards.
--- Winter's Tale, act iv, sc. 4 (81).
(2) Polyxenes.
Then make your garden rich in Gillyvors,
And do not call them bastards.
--- Ibid. (98).
There are two other places in which Carnation is mentioned, but they refer to carnation colour--
i.e., to pure flesh colour.
(3) Quickly.
'A could never abide Carnation; 'twas a colour he never liked.
--- Henry V, act ii, sc. 3 (35).
(4) Costard.
Pray you, sir, how much Carnation riband may a man buy for a
remuneration?
--- Love's Labour's Lost, act iii, sc. 1 (146).
Dr. Johnson and others have supposed that the flower is so named from the colour, but that this is a mistake is made very clear by Dr. Prior. He quotes Spenser's "Shepherd's Calendar"--
"Bring Coronations and Sops-in-Wine
Worn of Paramours."
and so it is spelled in Lyte's "Herbal," 1578, coronations or cornations. This takes us at once to the origin of the name. The plant was one of those used in garlands (
coronae), and was probably one of the most favourite plants used for that purpose, for which it was well suited by its shape and beauty. Pliny gives a long list of garland flowers (
Coronamentorum genera) used by the Romans and Athenians, and Nicander gives similar lists of Greek garland plants (+stephanomatika anthe+), in which the Carnation holds so high a place that it was called by the name it still has--Dianthus, or Flower of Jove.
Its second specific name, Caryophyllus--
i.e., Nut-leaved--seems at first very inappropriate for a grassy leaved plant, but the name was first given to the Indian Clove-tree, and from it transferred to the Carnation, on account of its fine clove-like scent. Its popularity as an English plant is shown by its many names--Pink, Carnation, Gilliflower[48:1] (an easily-traced and well-ascertained corruption from Caryophyllus), Clove, Picotee,[48:2] and Sops-in-Wine, from the flowers being used to flavour wine and beer.[48:3] There is an historical interest also in the flowers. All our Carnations, Picotees, and Cloves come originally from the single Dianthus caryophyllus; this is not a true British plant, but it holds a place in the English flora, being naturalized on Rochester and other castles. It is abundant in Normandy, and I found it (in 1874) covering the old castle of Falaise in which William the Conqueror was born. Since that I have found that it grows on the old castles of Dover, Deal, and Cardiff, all of them of Norman construction, as was Rochester, which was built by Gundulf, the special friend of William. Its occurrence on these several Norman castles make it very possible that it was introduced by the Norman builders, perhaps as a pleasant memory of their Norman homes, though it may have been accidentally introduced with the Normandy (Caen) stone, of which parts of the castles are built. How soon it became a florist's flower we do not know, but it must have been early, as in Shakespeare's time the sorts of Cloves, Carnations, and Pinks were so many that Gerard says: "A great and large volume would not suffice to write of every one at large in particular, considering how infinite they are, and how every yeare, every clymate and countrey, bringeth forth new sorts, and such as have not heretofore bin written of;" and so we may certainly say now--the description of the many kinds of Carnations and Picotees, with directions for their culture, would fill a volume.
FOOTNOTES:
[48:1] This is the more modern way of spelling it. In the first folio it is "Gillyvor." "Chaucer writes it Gylofre, but by associating it with the the Nutmeg and other spices, appears to mean the Clove Tree, which is, in fact, the proper signification."--
Flora Domestica. In the "Digby Mysteries" (Mary Magdalene, l. 1363) the Virgin Mary is addressed as "the Jentyll Jelopher."
[48:2] Picotee is from the French word
picote marked with little pricks round the edge, like the "picots," on lace,
picot being the technical term in France for the small twirls which in England are called "purl" or "pearl."
[48:3] Wine thus flavoured was evidently a very favourite beverage. "Bartholemeus Peytevyn tenet duas Caracutas terrae in Stony-Aston in Com. Somerset de Domino Rege in capite per servitium unius[48:a] Sextarii vini Gariophilati reddendi Domino Regi per annum ad Natale Domini. Et valet dicta terra per ann.
xl."
[48:a] "A Sextary of July-flower wine, and a Sextary contained
about a pint and a half, sometimes more."--BLOUNT'S Antient
Tenures.
CARRAWAYS.
Shallow.
Nay, you shall see my orchard, where, in an arbour we will eat
a last year's Pippin of my own graffing, with a dish of
Caraways and so forth.
--- 2nd Henry IV, act v, sc. 3 (1).
Carraways are the fruit of Carum carui, an umbelliferous plant of a large geographical range, cultivated in the eastern counties, and apparently wild in other parts of England, but not considered a true native. In Shakespeare's time the seed was very popular, and was much more freely used than in our day. "The seed," says Parkinson, "is much used to be put among baked fruit, or into bread, cakes, &c., to give them a rellish. It is also made into comfits and put into Trageas or (as we call them in English) Dredges, that are taken for cold or wind in the body, as also are served to the table with fruit."
Carraways are frequently mentioned in the old writers as an accompaniment to Apples. In a very interesting bill of fare of 1626, extracted from the account book of Sir Edward Dering, is the following--
"Carowaye and comfites, 6d.
A Warden py that the cooke
Made--we fining y{e} Wardens. 2s. 4d.
Second Course.
A cold Warden pie.
Complement.
Apples and Carrawayes."--
Notes and Queries, i, 99.
So in Russell's "Book of Nurture:" "After mete . . . pepyns Careaway in comfyte," line 78, and the same in line 714; and in Wynkyn de Worde's "Boke of Kervynge" ("Babee's Book," p. 266 and 271), and in F. Seager's "Schoole of Vertue" ("Babee's Book," p. 343)--
"Then cheese with fruite On the table set,
With Bisketes or Carowayes As you may get."
The custom of serving roast Apples with a little saucerful of Carraway is still kept up at Trinity College, Cambridge, and, I believe, at some of the London Livery dinners.
CARROT.
Evans.
Remember, William, focative is caret,
Quickly.
And that's a good root.
---Merry Wives, act iv, sc. 1 (55).
Dame Quickly's pun gives us our Carrot, a plant which, originally derived from our wild Carrot (
Daucus Carota), was introduced as a useful vegetable by the Flemings in the time of Elizabeth, and has probably been very little altered or improved since the time of its introduction. In Shakespeare's time the name was applied to the "Yellow Carrot" or Parsnep, as well as to the Red one. The name of Carrot comes directly from its Latin or rather Greek name, Daucus Carota, but it once had a prettier name. The Anglo-Saxons called it "bird's-nest," and Gerard gives us the reason, and it is a reason that shows they were more observant of the habits of plants than we generally give them credit for: "The whole tuft (of flowers) is drawn together when the seed is ripe, resembling a bird's nest; whereupon it hath been named of some Bird's-nest." _